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Since operating systems have historically been closely tied to the
architecture of the computers on which they run, we bwill look at succeswsive
generatiions of computers to see what their operaiting systems were like.
The first true digital computer was designed by the English mathematician
Charles Babbage (1792-1871). Although Babbage spent most of his life and
fortune trying to build his "analytical engine,"he never got it working properly
because it was purely mechanical,and the technology of his day could not
produce the required wheels, gears, and cogs to the high precision that he needed.
Needless to say, the analytycal engine did not have an operaiting system.
Babbage realized that he would need soft ware for his analytycal engine, so
he hired a young woman named Ada Lovelace, who was the daughter of the
famed British poet Lord Byron, as the world's first programmer. The
programming language Ada is named after her.
After Babbage's unsuccessful effrts, little progress was made in
constructing digital computers until World War ll. Around the mid-1940s,
Howard Aiken at Harvard , John von Neumann at the Institute for Advanced
Study in Princeton,J. Presper Eckert and William Mauchley at the University of
Pennsylvania, and Konrad Zuse in Germany,among others , all succeeded in
building calculating engines. The first ones used mechanical relays but were very
slow, with cycle times measured in seconds. Relays were later replaced by
vacuum tubes.These machines were enormous, filling up entire rooms with tens
of thousands of vacuum tubes,but they were still millions of times slower than
even the cheapest personal computers available today.
In these early days asingle group of people designed,built,programmed,
operaited,and maintainat each machine.All programmig was done in absolute
machine language,often by wiring up plug boards to control the machine's basiv
functions.