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POLITICAL SYSTEM HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Russian autocracy was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. months of students’ disorders, scattered peasants’ uprisings, mounting strikes and riots forced Nicholas II to agree to form a national Duma with advisory powers. In the October Manifesto the emperor promised to create a legislative and guarantee civil liberties. The October Manifestos inaugurated a period of constitutional government.
The first Duma was elected on a board franchise, though it fell short of the franchise demanded by the parties of the Left. The old State Council became the party elective upper house. Nicholas II promised that no bill could become law without the Duma’s approval. But the Duma’s budgetary powers were limited, and though Duma deputies could question ministers, the latter were responsible only to the Tsar. The First Duma, which was dominated by the Cadets, met only from April to July. The bill for expropriation, with compensation, of the lands of the gentry and others led the government to dissolve Duma. Between 1906 and 1917 several Dumas, often with left-wing majorities, were elected and dissolved, but there was little progress in reform owing to the stiffness of the monarchy and the resistance of aristocracy.
Russia’s entry into World War I was a disaster for the nation. By the autumn of 1915 the country had lost more than a million men. In February 1917 the Romanov dynasty was overthrown, and a democratic Provisional Government was established. In October, the Bolsheviks seized the power. Russia withdrew from World War I, and the Bolsheviks defeated their opponents in a civil war, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic became the largest and central component of the Soviet Union.
In the 1930s the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization and collectivization. The USSR developed into a world power and played a major role in the defeat of Germany in World War II. During the 1960s and ‘70s the Soviet Union tried to spread its influence world-wide. Mikhail Gorbachov’s coming to power in 1985 market the beginning of new changes in Soviet society-chiefly restructuring of the nation’s political and economic systems and a new openness in public discussion. By the 1990s, reformism had eroded the Communists grasp on power, both at home and in Eastern Europe. The first Russian president Boris Yelsin was popularly elected in June 1991.
The new government of the Russian Federation was set up by the Constitution of 1993. after its destruction the Soviet Union was broken up into independent Russia and 15 other new, sovereign nations in 1991. The government consists of three branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. V. Putin controls all the three branches of power.
There are many parties in Russia. They help democracy. Everyone can find a party to his (her) taste or organize his (her) own party. The parties struggle for power and in order to win they attract voters promising to improve our life. Not to lose voters, they really have to do so.
Answer the following questions.
1. What forced Nicholas II to agree to form a national Duma?
2. What happened at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia?
3. What do you know about the Duma?
4. How did the Bolsheviks come to power?
5. How did the country develop after the October revolution?
6. Who marked the beginning of new changes in Soviet society?
7. Who was the first president of Russia?
8. What are the branches of the Russian Government?
9. What is the main role of political parties in Russia?
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